Scientific Visualization
-Scientific visualization software uses shape, location in space, color, brightness, and motion to help us visualize data.
-Visualization helps researchers see relationships that might have been obscure or even impossible to grasp without computer-aided visualization tools.
Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation
-Computer modeling uses computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations, and processes.
Ex. 1.Games
2. Dinosaur replicas
3. Flight and Science Lab simulations
4. Business, city, or nation management simulations
The Rewards
- Computer Simulations are widely used.
- Reasons
> Safety
> Economy
> Projection
> Visualization
> Replication
Making Reality Fit the Machine
- Some simulations are so complex that researchers need to simplify models and streamline calculations to get them to run on the best hardware available
- Sometimes this simplification of reality is deliberate; more often it's unconscious
- Either way, information can be lost, and the loss may compromise the integrity of the simulation and call the results into question
-GIGO Revisited
> The accuracy of a simulation depends on how closely its mathematical model corresponds to the system being simulated
> Some models suffer from faulty assumptions
> Some models contain hidden assumptions that may not even be obvious to their creators
> Some models go astray simply because of clerical or human errors
The illusion of Infallibility
- A computer simulation, whether generated by a PC spreadsheet or put out by a supercomputer, can be an invaluable decision-making aid.
- The risk is that the people who make decisions with computers will turn over too much of their decision-making power to the computer
- Risks can be magnified because people take computers seriously
Intelligent Agents
- Future user interfaces will be based on agents rather than on tools.
- Agents are software programs designed to be managed rather than manipulated
- An intelligent software agent can:
> Ask questions as well as responds to commands
> Pay attention to its user's work patterns
> Serve as a guide and a coach
> Take on its owner's goals
> Use reasoning to fabricate goals on its own
- Future agents will be better able to compete with human assistants.
- Future agents may possess a degree of sensitivity
- A well-trained software agent in the future might accomplish these task
> Remind you that it's time to rotate your tires and make an appointment for the rotation
> Distribute notes to the other members of your study group or work group and tell you which members
opened these notes
> Etc.
Summary
- Even though the computer was designed to work with numbers, it can be an important tool for working with words as well
- Word processing software enable you to use commands to edit text on screen, without having to retype messages.
- Outlining software, spell checkers, and online references can be very helpful.
- Desktop publishing produces professional-quality-text-and-graphics documents
- Spreadsheets can be used for tracking, calculating, forecasting, and almost any other task that involves repetitive numeric calculations. Most spreadsheet programs have charting capabilities.
- Specialized software allows you to perform accounting tasks, tax preparation, and a variety of business functions without the aid of spreadsheets
- Symbolic mathematic and statistical-analysis software can help present data in meaningful ways
- Scientific visualization software can help us understand relationships that are invisible to the naked eye
- Computer modeling and simulation can be powerful tools for understanding the world and making better decisions
Wednesday, November 24, 2010
Wednesday, November 10, 2010
The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation
Rules of Thumb: Avoiding Spreadsheet Pitfalls
- Plan the worksheet before you start entering values and formulas
- Make your assumptions as accurate as possible
- Double-Check every formula and value
- Make formulas readable
- Check your output against other systems
- Build in Cross-Checks
- Change the input data values and study the results
- Take advantage of pre-programmed functions, templates, and macros
- Use a spreadsheet as a decision- making aid, not as a decision-maker
>Spreadsheets allow you to change numbers and instantly see the effects of those changes
- "What if I enter this value?"
>Equation solvers
- Some spreadsheets generate data needed to fit a given equation and target value.
Spreadsheets Graphics: From Digits to Drawing
> Charts allow you to turn numbers into visual data
> Pie charts show proportions relative to the whole
> Line charts show trends or relationships over time
Rules of Thumb: Avoiding Spreadsheet Pitfalls
- Plan the worksheet before you start entering values and formulas
- Make your assumptions as accurate as possible
- Double-Check every formula and value
- Make formulas readable
- Check your output against other systems
- Build in Cross-Checks
- Change the input data values and study the results
- Take advantage of pre-programmed functions, templates, and macros
- Use a spreadsheet as a decision- making aid, not as a decision-maker
>Spreadsheets allow you to change numbers and instantly see the effects of those changes
- "What if I enter this value?"
>Equation solvers
- Some spreadsheets generate data needed to fit a given equation and target value.
Spreadsheets Graphics: From Digits to Drawing
> Charts allow you to turn numbers into visual data
> Pie charts show proportions relative to the whole
> Line charts show trends or relationships over time
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Wendsday, Otober 27, 2010
Hypertext Links
< > .............................. </ >
Start Body End
Tag
<A HREF = Link > Home <\ >
______________
Index.HTML

Implications of the digital age: Social and Ethical Issues
- The threat to personal privacy posed by large databases and computer networks.
- The hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping data secure.
- The difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property in an all-digital age.
- The threat of Automation and the dehumanization of work .
> For example, building cars is nearly completely done by machines now.
- The abuse of information as a tool of political and economic power.
- The emergence of bio-digital technology.
> Replacing lost limbs, technology-made medicine, micro-chipping animals, integrating chips into the
human brain to increase performance, surgery with technological tools and x-rays.
- The dangers of dependence on complex technology.
> A black out or virus could destroy a whole social system if a society is dependent on that
technology
*Computers have evolved at an incredible pace since Charles Babbage's plan for an Analytical Engine.
*Computers today come in all shapes and sizes, with specific types being well-suited for particular jobs.
*Connecting to a network enhances the value and power of a computer
- Internet
- WWW
- Email
< > .............................. </ >
Start Body End
Tag
<A HREF = Link > Home <\ >
______________
Index.HTML

Implications of the digital age: Social and Ethical Issues
- The threat to personal privacy posed by large databases and computer networks.
- The hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping data secure.
- The difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property in an all-digital age.
- The threat of Automation and the dehumanization of work .
> For example, building cars is nearly completely done by machines now.
- The abuse of information as a tool of political and economic power.
- The emergence of bio-digital technology.
> Replacing lost limbs, technology-made medicine, micro-chipping animals, integrating chips into the
human brain to increase performance, surgery with technological tools and x-rays.
- The dangers of dependence on complex technology.
> A black out or virus could destroy a whole social system if a society is dependent on that
technology
*Computers have evolved at an incredible pace since Charles Babbage's plan for an Analytical Engine.
*Computers today come in all shapes and sizes, with specific types being well-suited for particular jobs.
*Connecting to a network enhances the value and power of a computer
- Internet
- WWW
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
October 20, 2010
Ways computers play a critical role in modern life
- Business
- Education
- Communication
Circumstances and ideas that lead to dev. of modern computers
- War
- Science Needs
- Organization
Trends in the evolution of modern computers
- Smaller devices
- Faster
Relationship between hardware and software
*Hardware is the power, what makes the computer run, and software is the output of this work and it is the program.
Growth of the Internet
- Schools now require research, and students use the internet
- It is practically a must in higher level of education
- People of all ages now talk over the internet
- You can look up what a stores inventory online and people use that almost exclusively.
- People now order merchandise online instead of going to the store
- By 2005, over a billion people had access to the internet
Nobody considers computers a luxury, it is now a commodity, practically a must.
Technology or computers permeate nearly everything in our lives now.
It is a versatile tool.
The first real computers
Konrad Zuse made first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, in 1941
1943 Alan Turing Colossus considered by many to be the first electronic digital computers
1939 An Iowa State University Professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atansoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
1944: A million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard Professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I.
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in WWII by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
After WWII, Mauchly and Eckert created a private company, Sperry and made UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer
-Vacuum tubes were used in early computers
-Transistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956
-By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.
Integrated Circuits Brought
- Increased Reliability
- Smaller Size
- Higher Speed
- Higher Efficiency
- Lower Cost
>The first microprocessors were created by Intel Engineers in 1971
>The personal computer revolution began in 1970
- Apple
- Commodore
- Tandy
Desktops haven't completly replaced big computers which have also evolved
Embedded computers
- Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks
^Controlling temp. and humidity
^ Monitoring your heart rate
It is embedded in silicone so it cannot be altered. This is called Firmware.
Personal Computers
> PCs serve a single user at a time
^Word Processing
^Gaming
^ ETC.
Workstations
High-end desktop computers with massive computing powers used for high-end interactive applications.
*For example it is used for high tech. scientific analysis
Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied down
Servers
- Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network.
Mainframes and Supercomputers
-Mainframes
^ Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs
^ Communicate with mainframe through terminals
^ Multiple communications at one time through process of timesharing.
-Supercomputers
^ For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made.
The Emergence of Networks
^ Connect devices together
^ 1960s: Internet developed with backing of the U.S. government
>E-mail software
>Web Browser
- Programs that, in effect, serve as navigable windows in the web
>Hypertext Links
- Tie together millions of Web pages created by diverse authors
>Internet supports varied activities
- eBay used to make international transactions
- Real-Time multi-player games
>In the history of our society we have had:
- An agricultural age
- An industrial age
Konrad Zuse made first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, in 1941
1943 Alan Turing Colossus considered by many to be the first electronic digital computers
1939 An Iowa State University Professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atansoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
1944: A million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard Professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I.
John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in WWII by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
After WWII, Mauchly and Eckert created a private company, Sperry and made UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer
-Vacuum tubes were used in early computers
-Transistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956
-By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.
Integrated Circuits Brought
- Increased Reliability
- Smaller Size
- Higher Speed
- Higher Efficiency
- Lower Cost
>The first microprocessors were created by Intel Engineers in 1971
>The personal computer revolution began in 1970
- Apple
- Commodore
- Tandy
Desktops haven't completly replaced big computers which have also evolved
Embedded computers
- Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks
^Controlling temp. and humidity
^ Monitoring your heart rate
It is embedded in silicone so it cannot be altered. This is called Firmware.
Personal Computers
> PCs serve a single user at a time
^Word Processing
^Gaming
^ ETC.
Workstations
High-end desktop computers with massive computing powers used for high-end interactive applications.
*For example it is used for high tech. scientific analysis
Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied down
Servers
- Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network.
Mainframes and Supercomputers
-Mainframes
^ Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs
^ Communicate with mainframe through terminals
^ Multiple communications at one time through process of timesharing.
-Supercomputers
^ For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made.
The Emergence of Networks
^ Connect devices together
^ 1960s: Internet developed with backing of the U.S. government
>E-mail software
>Web Browser
- Programs that, in effect, serve as navigable windows in the web
>Hypertext Links
- Tie together millions of Web pages created by diverse authors
>Internet supports varied activities
- eBay used to make international transactions
- Real-Time multi-player games
>In the history of our society we have had:
- An agricultural age
- An industrial age
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
October 13, 2010
File Management
Organizing information logically
Having system folders, i.e. My Documents, My Pictures, My Music
File-Management Utilities
Changing the properties
Changing the location of the file
Interface
WIMP - windows, icons, pointing devices
1/3 of softwares are pirated
Billions of dollars are lost because of pirates
The software industry is $50 billion a year business sector
Friday, October 1, 2010
October 1, 2010
What is the difference between authentication and authorization?
Authentication is how you identify yourself to the computer
Authorization is how your system decides what the user can do
What is the difference between Utility Programs and Device Drivers
Utility programs allow for you to manage software on the computer and Device Drivers allow you to use input and output devices, i.e. computer speakers and keyboards. Also it enable the use of the full potential of hardware such as graphics and sound cards.
What does the operating system do?
An operating system manages the computer hardware and allows for efficient execution of various application software.
Utility Programs and Device Drivers
*Utility Programs
>Serve as tools for doing system maintenance and repairs that aren't automatically handled by the operating system
>Make it easier for users to
-Copy files between storage devices
-Repair damaged data files
-Translate files so that different programs can read
-Guard against viruses and other potentially harmful programs
-Perform other important, if unexciting tasks
*Device Drivers
>Small Programs that enable 1/0 devices. keyboard, mouses, etc.
*Where the Operating system lives
>Some computers store their operating system in ROM
>Others include only part of it in ROM
-The remain of the operating system is loaded into memory in a process called booting, which occurs when you turn on the computer
The Hardware-Software connection
> Most of the time the operating system works behind the scenes
> Interacting with the operating system, like interacting with an application, can be intuitive or challenging and it depends on something called the interface.
User Interface
>The interface defines the look and feel of the computing experience from a human point of view.
>Desktop Operating Systems
-MS-DOS is a disk operating system in which the user interacts using characters
^Letters
^Symbols
^Numbers
*The Human-Machine Connection
>Features include:
-Command-line interface (commands are typed)
-Menu-driven interface (commands are chose from on-screen lists)
>Graphical User Interface (GUI)
-Mac OS was developed by Macintosh in 1984 using GUI
-Microsoft windows is the most popular operating system
Unix was developed at Bell Labs before personal computers were available
Linux developed by Linux Torvalds and is a continued work in progress
UNIX allows a timesharing computer to communicate with other computers
>Linux is free for anyone to use or improve
>UNIX remains dominant operating system for Internet servers
>Some form of UNIX is available for personal computers, workstations, servers, mainframes and supercomputers
>Cross-platforms applications,such as Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop, are programs that are available in similar versions for multiple platforms
>Mac Users can buy software emulation programs like
-Create a simulated windows machine in the mac
Authentication is how you identify yourself to the computer
Authorization is how your system decides what the user can do
What is the difference between Utility Programs and Device Drivers
Utility programs allow for you to manage software on the computer and Device Drivers allow you to use input and output devices, i.e. computer speakers and keyboards. Also it enable the use of the full potential of hardware such as graphics and sound cards.
What does the operating system do?
An operating system manages the computer hardware and allows for efficient execution of various application software.
Utility Programs and Device Drivers
*Utility Programs
>Serve as tools for doing system maintenance and repairs that aren't automatically handled by the operating system
>Make it easier for users to
-Copy files between storage devices
-Repair damaged data files
-Translate files so that different programs can read
-Guard against viruses and other potentially harmful programs
-Perform other important, if unexciting tasks
*Device Drivers
>Small Programs that enable 1/0 devices. keyboard, mouses, etc.
*Where the Operating system lives
>Some computers store their operating system in ROM
>Others include only part of it in ROM
-The remain of the operating system is loaded into memory in a process called booting, which occurs when you turn on the computer
The Hardware-Software connection
> Most of the time the operating system works behind the scenes
> Interacting with the operating system, like interacting with an application, can be intuitive or challenging and it depends on something called the interface.
User Interface
>The interface defines the look and feel of the computing experience from a human point of view.
>Desktop Operating Systems
-MS-DOS is a disk operating system in which the user interacts using characters
^Letters
^Symbols
^Numbers
*The Human-Machine Connection
>Features include:
-Command-line interface (commands are typed)
-Menu-driven interface (commands are chose from on-screen lists)
>Graphical User Interface (GUI)
-Mac OS was developed by Macintosh in 1984 using GUI
-Microsoft windows is the most popular operating system
Unix was developed at Bell Labs before personal computers were available
Linux developed by Linux Torvalds and is a continued work in progress
UNIX allows a timesharing computer to communicate with other computers
>Linux is free for anyone to use or improve
>UNIX remains dominant operating system for Internet servers
>Some form of UNIX is available for personal computers, workstations, servers, mainframes and supercomputers
>Cross-platforms applications,such as Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop, are programs that are available in similar versions for multiple platforms
>Mac Users can buy software emulation programs like
-Create a simulated windows machine in the mac
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
September 29, 2010
*Consumer Applications
-Compatibility
>It allows software to function properly with the hardware, operating system, and peripherals.
>Programs written for one type of computer system may not work on another.
*Licensing: Commercial software is copyrighted so it can’t be legally duplicated for distribution to others.
-Software license
-Volume licenses
*Distribution: Software is distributed via:
-Direct sale
-Retail stores
-Mail-order catalogs
-Web sites
-Not all software is copyrighted.
>Public domain software
>Shareware
>Other Web applications support a more traditional form of information broadcasting.
Quick-time applications or flash web players are used on the web and can also be used on your stand-alone PC
Facebook, Myspace, Email, etc.
-Many software companies have replaced their printed documentation with:
>Tutorials
>Reference materials
>Help files
>On-line help
-Upgrading: Users can upgrade a program to the new version by paying an upgrade fee to the software manufacturer.
Ex of Bug: Clicking something in a software and it does something else
>Newer releases often have additional features and fewer bugs.>Reference materials
>Help files
>On-line help
-Upgrading: Users can upgrade a program to the new version by paying an upgrade fee to the software manufacturer.
Ex of Bug: Clicking something in a software and it does something else
-Compatibility
>It allows software to function properly with the hardware, operating system, and peripherals.
>Programs written for one type of computer system may not work on another.
-Disclaimers
So that some people can't sue for their money back just because they don't "like" the product or it doesn't due exactly what they want.
>Software manufacturers limit their liability for software problems by selling software “as is.”*Licensing: Commercial software is copyrighted so it can’t be legally duplicated for distribution to others.
-Software license
-Volume licenses
*Distribution: Software is distributed via:
-Direct sale
-Retail stores
-Mail-order catalogs
-Web sites
-Not all software is copyrighted.
>Public domain software
>Shareware
>Other Web applications support a more traditional form of information broadcasting.
Quick-time applications or flash web players are used on the web and can also be used on your stand-alone PC
Facebook, Myspace, Email, etc.
>News-oriented Web applications provide up-to-the-minute reports on a myriad of subjects.
>Some Web applications support online business transactions.
Paypal, Ebay
>Many Web applications leverage the Web’s strength as a huge repository of information >Most Web applications take advantage of the Web’s connectivity.
>Some simple Web applications perform simple data-processing tasks that could also be performed by traditional programs running on stand-alone PCs.
-Web applications fall into several categories:
>Some Web applications support online business transactions.
Paypal, Ebay
>Many Web applications leverage the Web’s strength as a huge repository of information >Most Web applications take advantage of the Web’s connectivity.
>Some simple Web applications perform simple data-processing tasks that could also be performed by traditional programs running on stand-alone PCs.
-Web applications fall into several categories:
Friday, September 24, 2010
Three major categories of software
The hardware in a computer system is equipped to produce whatever output a user requests
A fast, stupid machine
Algorithm - A procedure or formula for solving a problem
>Machine Language: numeric codes that represent data
>High-level language: falls between machine language and natural human language
-Compilers translate high-level language into machine language
Machine Languages
1.FASM
2.Unix
3.FORTRAN
- Programming Software -
- Software Applications- serve as productivity tools to help computer users solve problems
- Examples - Microsoft Word, Media Player, Photoshop
- System Software - Coordinates hardware operations and does behind the scenes work the computer user seldom sees.
- Utility Software
- Boot Loaders
- BIOS
The hardware in a computer system is equipped to produce whatever output a user requests
A fast, stupid machine
- Programmers begin with an algorithm: a set of step-by-step instructions written in a natural language, e.g., English
- The steps are often ambiguous, error-prone generalities
- The steps are translated into the vocabulary of a programming language
Algorithm - A procedure or formula for solving a problem
>Machine Language: numeric codes that represent data
>High-level language: falls between machine language and natural human language
-Compilers translate high-level language into machine language
>Natural Languages: resemble languages spoken by humans
Machine Languages
1.FASM
2.Unix
3.FORTRAN
Wednesday, September 22, 2010
September 22, 2010
Project Theory
*Introduction to Project cycle
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service
SDLC(Software Develpment Life Cycle)
Project Identification and selection\/
/\Project Initiation & Planning\/
/\Analysis
/\Logical Design\/
/\Physical Design\/
/\Implementation \/
/\Maintenence
A project is a sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, an according to specifications.
Project Management Criteria
-Projects are oriented towards a goal.
-There is something unique about every project.
-Projects have a finite duration.
-Projects require coordination of interrelated activities.
Project management is a set of principles and tools for
-Defining
-Planning
-Executing Controlling and completing a prioject
Assessment based on needs of situation
*Introduction to Project cycle
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service
SDLC(Software Develpment Life Cycle)
Project Identification and selection\/
/\Project Initiation & Planning\/
/\Analysis
/\Logical Design\/
/\Physical Design\/
/\Implementation \/
/\Maintenence
A project is a sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, an according to specifications.
Project Management Criteria
-Projects are oriented towards a goal.
-There is something unique about every project.
-Projects have a finite duration.
-Projects require coordination of interrelated activities.
Project management is a set of principles and tools for
-Defining
-Planning
-Executing Controlling and completing a prioject
What is project management?
-Selection of methodology, activities
-Plan of activities -- schedule
You are a system developer/software engineer. Customer asks for you to create a software that helps him with his business. You have to realize, if the customer is in the Medical Lever, you have to understand the medical terms/concepts. Must know what the things are about so that you can create a good system for the doctors needs. You have to think the way the customer thinks, so that you may deliver exactly what the client wants.
2. Planning
-Needs analyses Why?
-Analysis of the organisation, its values, activities and releancy
-Own motivation
-Definition of aims (general) and concrete objectives
-Selection of methodology, activities
-Plan of activities -- schedule
-Resources: Human, financial, material, time
-Organisation of the project: team, partners
who are you working with if you are working with anyone, is this project better to work on alone?
-Outline of the project
-Risks assessment strategy
SMART:
-Specific
-Specific
-Measureable
-Achievalble
-Achievalble
-Realistic
-Timed
-Organize your approach
-Generate a credible schedule
-Track progress and control your project
-Identify where to focus your efforts
-Identify problems early – before they are crises
-Saves you time and money
-If you fail to plan, plan to fail
Assessment based on needs of situation
-Observing a problem
-Analysing it
-Defining the need
Who, for whom, with whom, etc.?
-Analysing it
-Defining the need
-Deciding on an action
Answering W-questions (Laswell) W-Questions
Who, for whom, with whom, etc.?
What?
Why?
Where?
When?
How/Wie?
How/Wie?
Friday, September 17, 2010
*ROM(read-only memory)
>Information stored permanently on a chip
>Contains startup instructions and other permanent data
*CMOS(complementary metal oxide semi conductor)
>Special low-energy kind of RAM
*Flash Memory
>Used for phones, pagers, portable computers hand-held computers, and PDAs
*Buses, Ports and, Peripherals
>Information travels betweem components on the motherboard through groups of wires called system buses or just buses
>Buses
-Typically have 32 or 64 wires
-Connect to storage devices in bays
-Connect to expansion slots
-Connect to external buses and ports
>Slots and Ports
-Make it easy to add external devices called perpherals
*Inventing the Future
>New Laser etching technology called e3xtreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) could reduce chip size and increase performance radically.
>Superconductors that trasmit electricity without heat could increase computer speed a hundred fold
>The optical computer trasmits information in light waves rather than electrical pulses
Input from person to processor
>Keyboard
-The most familiar input device
-Used to enter letters, numbers and special characters
>Standard keyboard
>Ergonomic keyboards
-To address Medic
>Wireless keyboard
>Folding keyboards
ü Mouse üTouchpad üPointing stick üTrackball üJoystick üGraphics tablet üTouch screen üStylus
>Information stored permanently on a chip
>Contains startup instructions and other permanent data
*CMOS(complementary metal oxide semi conductor)
>Special low-energy kind of RAM
*Flash Memory
>Used for phones, pagers, portable computers hand-held computers, and PDAs
*Buses, Ports and, Peripherals
>Information travels betweem components on the motherboard through groups of wires called system buses or just buses
>Buses
-Typically have 32 or 64 wires
-Connect to storage devices in bays
-Connect to expansion slots
-Connect to external buses and ports
>Slots and Ports
-Make it easy to add external devices called perpherals
*Inventing the Future
>New Laser etching technology called e3xtreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) could reduce chip size and increase performance radically.
>Superconductors that trasmit electricity without heat could increase computer speed a hundred fold
>The optical computer trasmits information in light waves rather than electrical pulses
Input from person to processor
>Keyboard
-The most familiar input device
-Used to enter letters, numbers and special characters
>Standard keyboard
>Ergonomic keyboards
-To address Medic
>Wireless keyboard
>Folding keyboards
Pointing Devices
Reading Tools
Friday, August 27, 2010
August 27,2010 Part 2
Reliability
* Reliability refers to the operation of hardware, the design of software, the accuracy of data or the correspondence of daata with the real world. Data may be unreliable if it is entered incorrectly or if it becomes outdated.
* For example, a medical record that becomes dissociated from the patient it refers to becomes unreliable.
- The thing does what you want time after time without a too noticeable decrease in performance
- The thing is up to date, I.E. not outdated.
Software which have many problems - "Buggy" - Defects
Intergrity
*Integrity refers to correspondence of data with itself, at its creation. Data lacks integrity when it has been changed accidentally or tampered with.
*For example, a hacker might change driver license data resulting in arrests of innocent people.0
Education and training
Use of IT in teaching and Learning
*Education software, online research and forums, virtual learning environments (VLE), e-books, Web 2.0 educational networks, use of mobile devices, game-based learning, fully immersive environments, filtering and monitoring of students' internet use, 1-to-1, m-learning.
* Hardware and network technologies in the classroom
- Laptop computers, handheld devices, interactive whiteboards.
Old school, New School
The old way of teaching with just some chalk in hand does not keep the attention of students. Having a projector or other such technology, is now standard in classrooms, and not having media such as this in a classroom "is like walking into a desert". Teachers who still use the old method of teaching fee like they are falling behind in the teaching world.
* Reliability refers to the operation of hardware, the design of software, the accuracy of data or the correspondence of daata with the real world. Data may be unreliable if it is entered incorrectly or if it becomes outdated.
* For example, a medical record that becomes dissociated from the patient it refers to becomes unreliable.
- The thing does what you want time after time without a too noticeable decrease in performance
- The thing is up to date, I.E. not outdated.
Software which have many problems - "Buggy" - Defects
Intergrity
*Integrity refers to correspondence of data with itself, at its creation. Data lacks integrity when it has been changed accidentally or tampered with.
*For example, a hacker might change driver license data resulting in arrests of innocent people.0
Education and training
Use of IT in teaching and Learning
*Education software, online research and forums, virtual learning environments (VLE), e-books, Web 2.0 educational networks, use of mobile devices, game-based learning, fully immersive environments, filtering and monitoring of students' internet use, 1-to-1, m-learning.
* Hardware and network technologies in the classroom
- Laptop computers, handheld devices, interactive whiteboards.
Old school, New School
The old way of teaching with just some chalk in hand does not keep the attention of students. Having a projector or other such technology, is now standard in classrooms, and not having media such as this in a classroom "is like walking into a desert". Teachers who still use the old method of teaching fee like they are falling behind in the teaching world.
August 27, 2010 Part 1
-Energy costs already exceed hardware costs
-One PC is made from 1.8 tonnes of chemicals
-Computer parts are difficult to recycle
IBM Project Green
-2900 servers
-30 mainframes
-80% saving
Energy efficient coding
-Software coded to save as much power as possible.
-Energy efficient coding could cut down energy usage by 30%.
"The most energy efficient, emission reducing device ever created." CPU
Computers can
-Increase business efficiency
-Enable dematerialization
"Computing has already saved more natural resources that it has consumed" - Intel
Dematerialzation - Real objects replaced by digital things such as online music store instead of buying CDs
Audit of Technology
\/
Plan
\/
Purchasing strategy
- Laptops instead of PCs
-If PCs, thins clients
-Don't over-specify
-High-efficiency computer
Maintanence
*Set monitors to "low power" mode after inactivity
*Switch off computers and other equipment after hours
*Replace CRT monitors for LCDs
Switching off saves more power than putting things into sleep mode
Data Centres
-Highly efficient servers
-Virtual servers if possible
-Cool only whats needed
Recycling is extremely important in Green Computing and is often forgotten
The Computer's Core: The CPU and Memory
*The CPU: The Real Computer
-One PC is made from 1.8 tonnes of chemicals
-Computer parts are difficult to recycle
IBM Project Green
-2900 servers
-30 mainframes
-80% saving
Energy efficient coding
-Software coded to save as much power as possible.
-Energy efficient coding could cut down energy usage by 30%.
"The most energy efficient, emission reducing device ever created." CPU
Computers can
-Increase business efficiency
-Enable dematerialization
"Computing has already saved more natural resources that it has consumed" - Intel
Dematerialzation - Real objects replaced by digital things such as online music store instead of buying CDs
Audit of Technology
\/
Plan
\/
Purchasing strategy
- Laptops instead of PCs
-If PCs, thins clients
-Don't over-specify
-High-efficiency computer
Maintanence
*Set monitors to "low power" mode after inactivity
*Switch off computers and other equipment after hours
*Replace CRT monitors for LCDs
Switching off saves more power than putting things into sleep mode
Data Centres
-Highly efficient servers
-Virtual servers if possible
-Cool only whats needed
Recycling is extremely important in Green Computing and is often forgotten
The Computer's Core: The CPU and Memory
*The CPU: The Real Computer
Wednesday, August 25, 2010
August 25, 2010 notes
On/Off
1/0
Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. That means the their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states, on or off. Most computer electronics use voltage levels to indicate their present state. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on|" while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off". Not all computer hardware uses voltage hardware CD-ROM zx's, for example use
microscopc dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off", while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on". Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off".
Information is digital. Digital means that its made up of small, countable digits called digits.
A computers cant digest information unless it is a a bit/binary degit
A computers cant digest information unless it is a a bit/binary degit
*Bits as Numbers
^Binary Number System
-Binary number denotes all numbers with combinaions of two digits.
-Decimal numbers are automatically converted in binary number and vice versa.
-Binary number processing is completely hidden from the user.
Bits as Codes
*ASCII
-The most widely used code
-An abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange
*Unicode
-A coding scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters
Bits as Instructions in Programs
* Programs are stored as collections of bits
-Program instructions are represented in binary notation through the use of codes
Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords
*Bit-related terminology
Byte = 8 bits
Kilobyte(KB) = 1 thousand bytes
Megabytes(MB) = 1 million bytes
Gigabytes(GB) = 1 billion bytes
Terabytes (TB) = 1 trillion bytes
Green Computing
The manufacture of hardware and software that can have an impact on the environment
- Energy Star equipment
- Notebook/Laptop & a solar battery
- Energy saving features
- Turn off the computer when you are away
- Screen Savers don't save energy
- Print only once
- Recycle waste
Bits as Codes
*ASCII
-The most widely used code
-An abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange
*Unicode
-A coding scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters
Bits as Instructions in Programs
* Programs are stored as collections of bits
-Program instructions are represented in binary notation through the use of codes
Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords
*Bit-related terminology
Byte = 8 bits
Kilobyte(KB) = 1 thousand bytes
Megabytes(MB) = 1 million bytes
Gigabytes(GB) = 1 billion bytes
Terabytes (TB) = 1 trillion bytes
Green Computing
The manufacture of hardware and software that can have an impact on the environment
- Energy Star equipment
- Notebook/Laptop & a solar battery
- Energy saving features
- Turn off the computer when you are away
- Screen Savers don't save energy
- Print only once
- Recycle waste
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)